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Many features of the life cycle vary with the body size .... penguin emperor

Certain species, such as the Cape or jackass penguin ( Spheniscus demersus ), probably other members of this genus, and the little penguin, breed twice a year, but the majority of species breed only once each year and the king penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonica ) twice in three years. Most penguins begin breeding in the austral spring or summer; king penguins are on a 14- to 18-month cycle, and the timing of an individual pair depends on the success or failure of the previous breeding attempt. Upon arrival at the colony each bird returns to the nest that it left the previous year and generally rejoins its of the previous year, unless the death of the latter forces it to choose another partner. The incubation period begins immediately following the laying of the single egg in the emperor and king penguins and after the laying of the second egg in other penguins. The mortality rate (eggs and chicks) is very important at the egg stage, varying from year to year depending on clima! tic conditions, the percentage of young birds in the reproductive population, and the pressure of predation. The female emperor penguin, however, must often walk 80 to 160 kilometres (50 to 100 miles) from colony to the sea and does not return until the end of the incubation period. In surface-nesting species, following the individual rearing phase in the nest or (in the emperor and king penguins) on the feet of the parent, the chick joins 100 or more of its contemporaries in a nursery group, or cr e, sometimes guarded by a few adults, while both its parents forage at sea. In emperor penguin colonies, these unemployed birds often interfere with parents that have young and cause increased mortality. The period of growth of the young bird from hatching to complete independence varies from two months, in the smallest species of the genus Eudyptula , to 5 months in the emperor and 12 to 14 months in the king penguin. penguin emp! eror

posted by car-toyota @ 8:20 AM